Single-threaded use appears to work:

$ echo 'int main(void) { int *a; a[10]=0; return a[5]; }' | ↩
  gcc -o a -fmudflap -x c - -lmudflap
$ ./a
*******
mudflap violation 1 (check/write): time=1227208721.922064 ptr=0x1023de0 size=4
pc=0x1037a33 location=`<stdin>:1:26 (main)'
      /usr/lib/libmudflap.so.0(__mf_check+0x33) [0x1037a33]
      ./a(main+0x7c) [0x80486c4]
      /usr/lib/libmudflap.so.0(__wrap_main+0x49) [0x1037239]
Nearby object 1: checked region begins 68B before and ends 65B before
mudflap object 0x80ca268: name=`argv[]'
bounds=[0x1023e24,0x1023e2b] size=8 area=static check=0r/0w liveness=0
alloc time=1227208721.922064 pc=0x10371d3
Nearby object 2: checked region begins 76B before and ends 73B before
mudflap object 0x80cb448: name=`environ[]'
bounds=[0x1023e2c,0x1023ed7] size=172 area=static check=0r/0w liveness=0
alloc time=1227208721.922064 pc=0x10371d3
number of nearby objects: 2
*******
mudflap violation 2 (check/read): time=1227208721.942109 ptr=0x1023dcc size=4
pc=0x1037a33 location=`<stdin>:1:35 (main)'
      /usr/lib/libmudflap.so.0(__mf_check+0x33) [0x1037a33]
      ./a(main+0xf3) [0x804873b]
      /usr/lib/libmudflap.so.0(__wrap_main+0x49) [0x1037239]
Nearby object 1: checked region begins 88B before and ends 85B before
mudflap object 0x80ca268: name=`argv[]'
Nearby object 2: checked region begins 96B before and ends 93B before
mudflap object 0x80cb448: name=`environ[]'
number of nearby objects: 2

Multi-threaded use doesn't:

$ echo 'int main(void) { int *a; a[10]=0; return a[5]; }' | ↩
  gcc -include pthread.h -o a -fmudflapth -x c - -lmudflapth -lpthread
$ ./a 
Killed
$ gdb a
[...]
Starting program: /media/data/home/tschwinge/a 

Program received signal EXC_BAD_ACCESS, Could not access memory.
0x01180653 in getenv () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
(gdb) bt
#0  0x01180653 in getenv () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#1  0x01177a02 in __dcigettext () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#2  0x01176a57 in dcgettext () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#3  0x011c03b5 in strerror_r () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#4  0x01175b57 in __assert_perror_fail () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#5  0x0111f1ad in cthread_fork (func=0x114f630 <_hurd_msgport_receive>, arg=0x0)
    at /build/buildd/hurd-20080607/build-tree/hurd/libpthread/pthread/cthreads-compat.c:41
#6  0x0115713e in _hurdsig_init () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#7  0x01140852 in _hurd_proc_init@@GLIBC_2.2.6 () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#8  0x01140e86 in _hurd_init () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#9  0x011690ce in init1 () from /lib/libc.so.0.3
#10 0x00001e96 in _dl_start_user () from /lib/ld.so
#11 0x00000001 in ?? ()
#12 0x01024000 in ?? ()
#13 0x00000000 in ?? ()

Also libmudflap is pthread-only.