Next: Customizing Methods, Previous: Default Host, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]
Sometimes, the methods described before are not sufficient. Sometimes, it is not possible to connect to a remote host using a simple command. For example, if you are in a secured network, you might have to log in to a bastion host first before you can connect to the outside world. Of course, the target host may also require a bastion host.
In order to specify multiple hops, it is possible to define a proxy
host to pass through, via the variable
tramp-default-proxies-alist
. This variable keeps a list of
triples (host user proxy).
The first matching item specifies the proxy host to be passed for a
file name located on a remote target matching user@host.
host and user are regular expressions or nil
, which
is interpreted as a regular expression which always matches.
proxy must be a Tramp file name which localname part is ignored.
Method and user name on proxy are optional, which is interpreted
with the default values.
The method must be an inline or gateway method (see Inline methods, see Gateway methods).
If proxy is nil
, no additional hop is required reaching
user@host.
If you, for example, must pass the host ‘bastion.your.domain’ as user ‘bird’ for any remote host which is not located in your local domain, you can set
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist '("\\." nil "/ssh:bird@bastion.your.domain:")) (add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist '("\\.your\\.domain\\'" nil nil))
Please note the order of the code. add-to-list
adds elements at the
beginning of a list. Therefore, most relevant rules must be added last.
Proxy hosts can be cascaded. If there is another host called ‘jump.your.domain’, which is the only one in your local domain who is allowed connecting ‘bastion.your.domain’, you can add another rule:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist '("\\`bastion\\.your\\.domain\\'" "\\`bird\\'" "/ssh:jump.your.domain:"))
proxy can contain the patterns %h
or %u
. These
patterns are replaced by the strings matching host or
user, respectively.
If you, for example, wants to work as ‘root’ on hosts in the domain ‘your.domain’, but login as ‘root’ is disabled for non-local access, you might add the following rule:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist '("\\.your\\.domain\\'" "\\`root\\'" "/ssh:%h:"))
Opening /sudo:randomhost.your.domain: would connect
first ‘randomhost.your.domain’ via ssh
under your account
name, and perform sudo -u root
on that host afterwards. It is
important to know that the given method is applied on the host which
has been reached so far. sudo -u root
, applied on your local
host, wouldn’t be useful here.
host, user and proxy can also be Lisp forms. These
forms are evaluated, and must return a string, or nil
. The
previous example could be generalized then: For all hosts except my
local one connect via ssh
first, and apply sudo -u
root
afterwards:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist '(nil "\\`root\\'" "/ssh:%h:")) (add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist '((regexp-quote (system-name)) nil nil))
This is the recommended configuration to work as ‘root’ on remote Ubuntu hosts.
Finally, tramp-default-proxies-alist
can be used to pass
firewalls or proxy servers. Imagine your local network has a host
‘proxy.your.domain’ which is used on port 3128 as HTTP proxy to
the outer world. Your friendly administrator has granted you access
under your user name to ‘host.other.domain’ on that proxy
server.2 You would need to add the
following rule:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist '("\\`host\\.other\\.domain\\'" nil "/tunnel:proxy.your.domain#3128:"))
Gateway methods can be declared as first hop only in a multiple hop chain.
Hops to be passed tend to be restricted firewalls and alike.
Sometimes they offer limited features only, like running rbash
(restricted bash). This must be told to TRAMP.
This variable keeps a list of regular expressions, which denote hosts running a registered shell like "rbash". Those hosts can be used as proxies only.
If the bastion host from the example above runs a restricted shell, you shall apply
(add-to-list 'tramp-restricted-shell-hosts-alist "\\`bastion\\.your\\.domain\\'")
HTTP tunnels are intended for secure SSL/TLS communication. Therefore, many proxy server restrict the tunnels to related target ports. You might need to run your ssh server on your target host ‘host.other.domain’ on such a port, like 443 (https). See http://savannah.gnu.org/maintenance/CvsFromBehindFirewall for discussion of ethical issues.
Next: Customizing Methods, Previous: Default Host, Up: Configuration [Contents][Index]